Collection · COL-04
Machines of Tomorrow
Robots, robot arms that carve marble, braided robot muscles, flying fans, new factories, AI road cameras, sails pushed by sunlight, turbines lifted by helium, an uncrewed combat jet, drones that knock ice off power lines, a wingless eVTOL prototype, robots that build a lunar test tower, a soft gripper shaped like an octopus arm, a droid trained in simulation and a virtual prison that exists only as a concept.
Free PDF: every quick fact with its ID, the write-ups, sources and a quiz with an answer key.
What Is in Machines of Tomorrow?
22 case files on new machines that are being built, tested, raced or rolled out today. The 2026 World Humanoid Robot Games in Beijing drew 2,056 robots from 666 teams in 16 countries, about four times as many robots as the 2025 Games. DD-023 RLP (Rapid Liquid Printing), from MIT's Self-Assembly Lab, prints liquid rubber, foam or plastic inside a tank of gel instead of layer by layer in air. DD-013
The Case Files, in Order
- 01
DID YOU
KNOW?WHRGs 2026DD-023 - 02
DID YOU
KNOW?Gravity, or Lunavity?DD-007 - 03
DID YOU
KNOW?Rapid Liquid Printing (RLP)DD-013 - 04
DID YOU
KNOW?Ocean-3DD-022 - 05
DID YOU
KNOW?TeraFabDD-016 - 06
DID YOU
KNOW?The FlockDD-030 - 07
DID YOU
KNOW?Solar SailingDD-039 - 08
DID YOU
KNOW?Airborne Wind TurbinesDD-050 - 09
DID YOU
KNOW?AndurilDD-727 - 10
DID YOU
KNOW?Self-Made ModularDD-061 - 11
DID YOU
KNOW?Volar eVTOLDD-734 - 12
DID YOU
KNOW?RoboClassicalDD-722 - 13
DID YOU
KNOW?RoboWeavingDD-716 - 14
DID YOU
KNOW?Drone De-icingDD-699 - 15
DID YOU
KNOW?Octopus Robo-GripDD-601 - 16
DID YOU
KNOW?NVIDIA's BlueDD-614 - 17
DID YOU
KNOW?A Prison for Your MindDD-305A Prison for Your Mind
A prison sentence served inside a headset is only a concept so far.
Open case file → - 18
DID YOU
KNOW?EctogenesisDD-324 - 19
DID YOU
KNOW?BioInspired RobotsDD-082 - 20
DID YOU
KNOW?Drone SwarmsDD-437 - 21
DID YOU
KNOW?AI SurgeryDD-408 - 22
DID YOU
KNOW?Print Your HomeDD-440Print Your Home
Giant 3D printers can lay down a house's walls in about a day or two.
Open case file →
Collection Quiz
All quizzes →44 questions from all 22 case files in Machines of Tomorrow. Test Your Knowledge: answers are revealed instantly.
How many teams competed at the 2026 World Humanoid Robot Games?
- 280
- 51
- 666
- 1,300
Show the answer
Answer: C. 666 Now You Know: 666 teams took part (280 was the 2025 total; 51 was the number of events). Source: DD-023 · WHRGs 2026 · Write-up · Exhibit B (2,056 robots, 666 teams) · 2nd World Humanoid Robot Games open in Beijing with over 2,000 robots (Xinhua, Aug 22, 2026); 2026 World Humanoid Robot Games opens with 666 teams, 2,056 droids (CGTN via CCTV+, Aug 22, 2026); Robot Olympics ends with humanoid's 8.64-second 100m, nearly a second faster than Bolt (Reuters, Aug 26, 2026)
Where in Beijing were the 2026 Games held?
- The Bird's Nest (National Stadium)
- The National Speed Skating Oval ('Ice Ribbon')
- The Water Cube
- Workers' Stadium
Show the answer
Answer: B. The National Speed Skating Oval ('Ice Ribbon') Now You Know: The Games ran Aug 22–26, 2026 at the National Speed Skating Oval, the 'Ice Ribbon'. Source: DD-023 · WHRGs 2026 · Write-up · Exhibit A (Five days on the 'Ice Ribbon') · 2nd World Humanoid Robot Games open in Beijing with over 2,000 robots (Xinhua, Aug 22, 2026); 2nd World Humanoid Robot Games Underway in Beijing: Robots Break Multiple Records (Beijing municipal gov't, Aug 25, 2026)
How many ducted fans does Lunavity use?
- 4
- 8
- 16
- 32
Show the answer
Answer: C. 16 Now You Know: A ring of 16 electric ducted fans above the wearer pushes air down for lift. Source: DD-007 · Gravity, or Lunavity? · Slide 04 · Exhibit C (16 ducted fans)
Who built Lunavity?
- Students from Jun Rekimoto's lab at the University of Tokyo
- MIT Media Lab
- NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- A Formula 1 team
Show the answer
Answer: A. Students from Jun Rekimoto's lab at the University of Tokyo Now You Know: Lunavity was built by students from Jun Rekimoto's lab at the University of Tokyo. Source: DD-007 · Gravity, or Lunavity? · Slide 03 · Exhibit B (University of Tokyo)
What does RLP stand for?
- Robotic Laser Printing
- Rapid Liquid Printing
- Resin Layer Processing
- Remote Lithography Printing
Show the answer
Answer: B. Rapid Liquid Printing Now You Know: Rapid Liquid Printing, developed at MIT's Self-Assembly Lab. Source: DD-013 · Rapid Liquid Printing (RLP) · Write-up · Exhibit A (What RLP stands for) · Rapid Liquid Printing (MIT Self-Assembly Lab); Large-Scale Rapid Liquid Printing (Hajash et al., 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 2017; MIT DSpace)
Where does an RLP machine 'draw' its objects?
- On a heated bed in open air
- Inside a tank of gel
- Underwater in a pool
- Inside a vacuum chamber
Show the answer
Answer: B. Inside a tank of gel Now You Know: The nozzle prints inside a granular gel that holds the liquid in place while it cures. Source: DD-013 · Rapid Liquid Printing (RLP) · Write-up · Exhibit B (Drawing inside gel) · Large-Scale Rapid Liquid Printing (Hajash et al., 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 2017; MIT DSpace); Rapid Liquid Printing (MIT Self-Assembly Lab); Liquid to Air: Pneumatic Objects (MIT Self-Assembly Lab)
Roughly how tall is a Panthalassa Ocean-3 node?
- About 8.5 m
- About 25 m
- About 85 m
- About 850 m
Show the answer
Answer: C. About 85 m Now You Know: Each node is about 85 m of plate steel, close to the height of Big Ben. Source: DD-022 · Ocean-3 · Write-up · Exhibit B (About 85 meters of steel) · Can floating data centres meet AI's huge energy demand? (New Scientist); Building inference data centers on the high seas (Latitude Media, Catalyst podcast with CEO Garth Sheldon-Coulson); Silicon Valley bets $200M on AI data centers floating in the ocean (Ars Technica, May 5, 2026)
How does Ocean-3 make its electricity?
- Solar panels on the sphere
- Seawater forced up its tube by the waves spins turbines
- A small diesel generator
- A power cable from shore
Show the answer
Answer: B. Seawater forced up its tube by the waves spins turbines Now You Know: As waves lift and drop the node, seawater is driven up the tube into the sphere, where it spins turbines. Source: DD-022 · Ocean-3 · Write-up · Exhibit C (How the waves make power) · Can floating data centres meet AI's huge energy demand? (New Scientist); Silicon Valley bets $200M on AI data centers floating in the ocean (Ars Technica, May 5, 2026); Panthalassa unveils wave-powered floating data center platform (DCD, May 1, 2026)
In which Texas county is Terafab planned?
- Grimes County
- Travis County
- Harris County
- Bastrop County
Show the answer
Answer: A. Grimes County Now You Know: Terafab is planned for Grimes County, about 20 miles east of College Station. Source: DD-016 · TeraFab · Write-up · Exhibit A (A chip plant in Grimes County) · Governor Abbott Announces SpaceX Expansion in Grimes County (Office of the Texas Governor, Aug 6, 2026); SpaceX Records Fight Exposes $119B Terafab Buildout Plans (Engineering News-Record)
How big is the first-phase investment announced for Terafab?
- About $1.68 billion
- More than $16.8 billion
- About $168 billion
- $119 billion
Show the answer
Answer: B. More than $16.8 billion Now You Know: The first phase is a capital investment of more than $16.8 billion; $119B is the potential four-phase total. Source: DD-016 · TeraFab · Write-up · Exhibit C ($16.8 billion to start) · Governor Abbott Announces SpaceX Expansion in Grimes County (Office of the Texas Governor, Aug 6, 2026); SpaceX Records Fight Exposes $119B Terafab Buildout Plans (Engineering News-Record); Terafab: Texas JETI primary-source document guide (ENR, Oct 2026)
What does ALPR stand for?
- Automatic Lane Position Radar
- Automated License Plate Reader
- Active Light Pulse Recorder
- Advanced Law-enforcement Patrol Robot
Show the answer
Answer: B. Automated License Plate Reader Now You Know: ALPR is an automated license plate reader. Flock Safety is the largest U.S. maker. Source: DD-030 · The Flock · Write-up · Exhibit A (Who makes them) · Flock LPR: License Plate Readers (Flock Safety product page); Use of Flock license plate reader cameras surges in Texas (Texas Tribune, Aug. 2026)
How do Flock cameras read plates at night?
- Floodlights
- Infrared imaging
- Radar
- They don't work at night
Show the answer
Answer: B. Infrared imaging Now You Know: Infrared illumination and capture keep plates readable in the dark. Source: DD-030 · The Flock · Write-up · Exhibit C (Snapshots, not video) · Flock Safety Media FAQs (City of Bristol, RI); Automated License Plate Readers Market Survey Report (DHS S&T, 2025)
What pushes a solar sail?
- The solar wind
- The momentum of sunlight
- Magnetic fields
- A small rocket
Show the answer
Answer: B. The momentum of sunlight Now You Know: Photons carry momentum. The solar wind's push is less than one percent as strong. Source: DD-039 · Solar Sailing · Write-up · Exhibit A (Massless but pushy) · What is solar sailing? (The Planetary Society); How do photons propel solar sails? (Astronomy, 2020)
Why does a reflective sail get a bigger push than a black one?
- It's lighter
- Photons push again when they bounce off
- It's hotter
- It's magnetic
Show the answer
Answer: B. Photons push again when they bounce off Now You Know: Light pushes once on arrival and again on reflection. Source: DD-039 · Solar Sailing · Write-up · Exhibit A (Massless but pushy) · What is solar sailing? (The Planetary Society); How do photons propel solar sails? (Astronomy, 2020)
What lifts China's S2000 airborne wind turbine?
- Rotors like a helicopter
- A helium-filled aerostat
- A kite
- A rocket
Show the answer
Answer: B. A helium-filled aerostat Now You Know: It's a buoyant, ducted airship tethered to the ground. Source: DD-050 · Airborne Wind Turbines · Write-up · Exhibit C (An airship that's a turbine) · Airborne wind power system generates 385 kWh at 2,000 meters in maiden flight: developer (Global Times, Jan. 2026); World's first megawatt-level airborne 'windmill' feeds power to grid (Interesting Engineering)
How high did the S2000 fly on its January 2026 test?
- 200 m
- 2,000 m
- 20,000 m
- 50 m
Show the answer
Answer: B. 2,000 m Now You Know: It took about 30 minutes to reach 2,000 m. Source: DD-050 · Airborne Wind Turbines · Write-up · Exhibit B (S2000 on the grid) · World's first urban-use MW-class high-altitude wind turbine completes test flight (Global Times, Jan. 2026); Airborne wind power system generates 385 kWh at 2,000 meters in maiden flight: developer (Global Times, Jan. 2026); World's first megawatt-level airborne 'windmill' feeds power to grid (Interesting Engineering)
When was Anduril founded?
- 1999
- 2010
- 2017
- 2023
Show the answer
Answer: C. 2017 Now You Know: It was incorporated on April 20, 2017. Source: DD-727 · Anduril · Write-up · Exhibit A (Who founded it) · Anduril Industries (Wikipedia)
What does Lattice do?
- Builds jets
- Fuses sensor data into one picture
- Makes VR headsets
- Prints circuit boards
Show the answer
Answer: B. Fuses sensor data into one picture Now You Know: It's the software at the core of Anduril's products. Source: DD-727 · Anduril · Write-up · Exhibit B (Lattice) · Anduril Industries (Wikipedia); Behind Anduril's Effort to Create an Operating System for War (Wired, 2020)
What can a self-reconfigurable modular robot do?
- Copy itself
- Rearrange its modules to change shape
- Fly unaided
- Run without power
Show the answer
Answer: B. Rearrange its modules to change shape Now You Know: It changes shape to adapt to new tasks or recover from damage. Source: DD-061 · Self-Made Modular · Write-up · Exhibit A (What they are) · Self-reconfiguring modular robot (Wikipedia)
What was CEBOT?
- A lunar rover
- An early 'cellular robot'
- A solar cell
- A chess program
Show the answer
Answer: B. An early 'cellular robot' Now You Know: Toshio Fukuda introduced it in the late 1980s. Source: DD-061 · Self-Made Modular · Write-up · Exhibit B (Origins) · Self-reconfiguring modular robot (Wikipedia)
Where did the Volar prototype first fly freely?
- London
- Dubai
- Tokyo
- Paris
Show the answer
Answer: B. Dubai Now You Know: In Dubai in November 2021. Source: DD-734 · Volar eVTOL · Write-up · Exhibit B (First free flights) · Vertical Mag: UK's Bellwether completes first eVTOL test flight in Dubai; eVTOL Insights: Bellwether Industries reveals first flight test footage of its half-scale Volar prototype
How big was the flying prototype?
- Half-scale
- Full-scale
- Tenth-scale
- Double-scale
Show the answer
Answer: A. Half-scale Now You Know: It was a half-scale, remotely piloted model. Source: DD-734 · Volar eVTOL · Write-up · Exhibit B (First free flights) · Vertical Mag: UK's Bellwether completes first eVTOL test flight in Dubai; eVTOL Insights: Bellwether Industries reveals first flight test footage of its half-scale Volar prototype
Which Italian town is the center of robot marble carving?
- Carrara
- Venice
- Naples
- Turin
Show the answer
Answer: A. Carrara Now You Know: Carrara, home of the famous marble. Source: DD-722 · RoboClassical · Write-up · Exhibit A (From file to stone) · Euronews: Carrara marble: Can a sculpture created by an AI robot be considered as art? (2026); Robotor (company site)
How much faster than hand carving does Robotor say its robot is?
- About 2x
- About 10x
- About 100x
- About 1,000x
Show the answer
Answer: B. About 10x Now You Know: About 10 times faster, per Giacomo Massari. Source: DD-722 · RoboClassical · Write-up · Exhibit A (From file to stone) · Euronews: Carrara marble: Can a sculpture created by an AI robot be considered as art? (2026); Robotor (company site)
What's a McKibben muscle made of?
- A bladder in a braided sleeve
- Steel springs
- Electric motors
- Hydraulic pistons
Show the answer
Answer: A. A bladder in a braided sleeve Now You Know: An inflatable bladder inside a braided sleeve. Source: DD-716 · RoboWeaving · Write-up · Exhibit A (The braided muscle) · Wikipedia: Pneumatic artificial muscles
What happens to a McKibben muscle when it's inflated?
- It shortens
- It melts
- It glows
- Nothing
Show the answer
Answer: A. It shortens Now You Know: It contracts along its length. Source: DD-716 · RoboWeaving · Write-up · Exhibit A (The braided muscle) · Wikipedia: Pneumatic artificial muscles
In the Zhejiang system, what does the drone do?
- Places a de-icing robot on the wire
- Melts ice with a flame
- Sprays salt
- Cuts the wire
Show the answer
Answer: A. Places a de-icing robot on the wire Now You Know: It hangs a robot on the ground wire. Source: DD-699 · Drone De-icing · Write-up · Exhibit C (Robots placed by drone) · China Daily (Jan 26, 2026): Shaoxing, Zhejiang, onboard de-icing robot makes operational debut
Which company's grid units publicized these deployments?
- State Grid (China)
- Tokyo Electric
- National Grid UK
- Hydro-Québec
Show the answer
Answer: A. State Grid (China) Now You Know: State Grid units in China. Source: DD-699 · Drone De-icing · Write-up · Exhibit B (Rods on drones) · Xinhua (Jan 25, 2026): Chinese drones remove ice buildup on power lines
Which university partnered with Harvard on the 2020 octopus gripper?
- Beihang University
- Oxford University
- MIT
- Tokyo University
Show the answer
Answer: A. Beihang University Now You Know: With Festo as well. Source: DD-601 · Octopus Robo-Grip · Write-up · Exhibit D (Wide range of objects) · Wyss Institute (Feb 27, 2020): The Tentacle Bot; Harvard SEAS: The Tentacle Bot
What shape gave the arm more flexibility?
- A tapered cone
- A perfect cylinder
- A cube
- A flat sheet
Show the answer
Answer: A. A tapered cone Now You Know: Tapered actuators bend into more curvatures. Source: DD-601 · Octopus Robo-Grip · Write-up · Exhibit A (Taper matters) · Xie, Domel et al. (2020): Octopus arm-inspired tapered soft actuators with suckers for improved grasping, Soft Robotics
At which event did Blue appear onstage with Jensen Huang?
- GTC 2025
- CES 2020
- WWDC 2023
- E3 2019
Show the answer
Answer: A. GTC 2025 Now You Know: On March 18, 2025. Source: DD-614 · NVIDIA's Blue · Write-up · Exhibit A (Onstage) · NVIDIA Technical Blog: Announcing Newton, an Open-Source Physics Engine for Robotics Simulation (March 18, 2025); TechRadar: Nvidia, Google, and Disney's AI-powered Star Wars robot (March 19, 2025)
Which organization built Blue?
- Disney Research
- Boston Dynamics
- Tesla
- Sony
Show the answer
Answer: A. Disney Research Now You Know: Part of its BDX droid family. Source: DD-614 · NVIDIA's Blue · Write-up · Exhibit A (Onstage) · NVIDIA Technical Blog: Announcing Newton, an Open-Source Physics Engine for Robotics Simulation (March 18, 2025); TechRadar: Nvidia, Google, and Disney's AI-powered Star Wars robot (March 19, 2025)
Is Cognify a working prison system?
- No, it's a concept
- Yes, in Germany
- Yes, in the US
- Yes, in trials
Show the answer
Answer: A. No, it's a concept Now You Know: It's a speculative video concept. Source: DD-305 · A Prison for Your Mind · Write-up · Exhibit A (Only a concept) · YouTube: The Prison of the Future - Cognify (Hashem Al-Ghaili); Snopes: Does new 'Cognify' tech allow prisoners to complete years of social rehabilitation in minutes? (July 1, 2025)
When was the Cognify video posted?
- June 24, 2024
- January 1, 2020
- March 3, 2015
- October 10, 2026
Show the answer
Answer: A. June 24, 2024 Now You Know: Hashem Al-Ghaili posted it. Source: DD-305 · A Prison for Your Mind · Write-up · Exhibit B (June 2024 video) · Snopes: Does new 'Cognify' tech allow prisoners to complete years of social rehabilitation in minutes? (July 1, 2025)
What does ectogenesis mean?
- Growth outside the body
- Cloning
- Gene editing
- Hibernation
Show the answer
Answer: A. Growth outside the body Now You Know: Ecto = outside. Source: DD-324 · Ectogenesis · Write-up · Exhibit A (Definition) · Wikipedia: Ectogenesis
Who might benefit first?
- Extremely premature babies
- Adults
- Pets
- Plants
Show the answer
Answer: A. Extremely premature babies Now You Know: Neonatal care. Source: DD-324 · Ectogenesis · Write-up · Exhibit B (Premature babies) · Wikipedia: Artificial womb
What do bioinspired robots copy?
- Animals
- Rocks
- Clouds
- Buildings
Show the answer
Answer: A. Animals Now You Know: Movement and sensing. Source: DD-082 · BioInspired Robots · Write-up · Exhibit A (Idea) · Wikipedia: Bio-inspired robotics
Which animal inspires climbing robots?
- Geckos
- Cows
- Sharks
- Owls
Show the answer
Answer: A. Geckos Now You Know: Sticky feet. Source: DD-082 · BioInspired Robots · Write-up · Exhibit B (Flight) · Wikipedia: Bio-inspired robotics
What coordinates a swarm?
- Algorithms
- A single pilot each
- Wind
- Magnets
Show the answer
Answer: A. Algorithms Now You Know: Software. Source: DD-437 · Drone Swarms · Write-up · Exhibit A (Group) · Wikipedia: Swarm robotics
A civilian use?
- Light shows
- Mining coal
- Cooking
- Plowing
Show the answer
Answer: A. Light shows Now You Know: Displays. Source: DD-437 · Drone Swarms · Write-up · Exhibit B (Algorithms) · Wikipedia: Swarm robotics
Who controls da Vinci?
- The surgeon
- The robot alone
- A nurse remotely
- No one
Show the answer
Answer: A. The surgeon Now You Know: Console. Source: DD-408 · AI Surgery · Write-up · Exhibit A (Console) · Wikipedia: Da Vinci Surgical System
What size incisions?
- Small
- Large
- None
- Huge
Show the answer
Answer: A. Small Now You Know: Minimally invasive. Source: DD-408 · AI Surgery · Write-up · Exhibit B (Arms) · Wikipedia: Robot-assisted surgery
What is extruded?
- Concrete
- Plastic only
- Wood
- Glass
Show the answer
Answer: A. Concrete Now You Know: Layers. Source: DD-440 · Print Your Home · Write-up · Exhibit A (Method) · Wikipedia: Construction 3D printing
How are walls built?
- Layer by layer
- Brick by brick
- Poured at once
- Sewn
Show the answer
Answer: A. Layer by layer Now You Know: Additive. Source: DD-440 · Print Your Home · Write-up · Exhibit B (Material) · Wikipedia: Construction 3D printing